Ship owners could be forced to pay for pollution from their vessels or face bans from European Union ports under draft plans to add shipping emissions to the bloc's carbon market.
Shipping does not at present face EU emissions targets, but that is set to change under proposals to make its economy greener which are due to be published next month.
A draft proposal, seen by Reuters, would expand the carbon market to cover shipping emissions within the EU, international voyages to the bloc and those at berth in an EU port.
That would force owners to buy permits from the EU emissions trading system (ETS) when their ships pollute. The ETS currently covers Europe's power plants and factories.
The EU plan could put it on a collision course with the International Maritime Organization (IMO), which is coordinating measures to curb emissions among its more than 170 members.
Critics say the IMO has been moving too slowly, while others say rules should be international, rather than regional.
Shipping is seen as one of the trickiest sectors to decarbonize, with industry groups citing a lack of commercially viable green technologies.
Under the draft EU plan, shipping would be added to the ETS gradually from 2023, when ship owners must surrender enough CO2 permits to cover 20% of their emissions.
This would rise to 45% in 2024 and 70% in 2025 and from 2026, ship owners would need to surrender enough permits to cover 100% of their ETS-covered emissions.
If a shipping company failed to comply with the ETS for two years running, an EU country could issue an "expulsion order" to the EU to ban ships owned by the company from the bloc's ports, the draft document said.
The European Commission declined to comment on Wednesday on the proposal, which could change before it is published.
Maritime misgivings
EU countries and the European Parliament, which has said it wants shipping added to the ETS in 2022, would need to negotiate final rules, which could take around two years.
The proposal would add roughly 90 million tonnes of CO2 emissions to the EU ETS, a sliver of the EU's overall greenhouse gas emissions of more than 3 billion tonnes.
Global shipping emissions are expected to rise if left unchecked, threatening efforts to curb climate change.
Guy Platten, secretary general of the International Chamber of Shipping association, said the industry was "wholeheartedly behind putting a price on carbon" but that policies to do so should be international, not regional.
"Multiple, overlapping, regional carbon taxes will ultimately be bad for trade, bad for developing economies and bad for decarbonization," Platten told Reuters.
Jacob Armstrong, policy officer at non-profit Transport & Environment, said shipping could no longer dodge climate action, and revenue from the EU carbon market could fund green maritime fuels and technologies.
"Thanks to the IMO's paralysis, shipping has escaped the winds of change," he said.
The IMO aims to halve maritime emissions by 2050. That falls short of the EU's plan to eliminate its economy-wide net emissions by then, a goal scientists say the world must meet to avoid the worst impact of climate change.
(Reporting by Kate Abnett and Jonathan Saul; Editing by Alexander Smith and Mark Potter)
